Victor-Marie Hugo (Besaçon, February 26, 1802 - Paris, May 22, 1885) was a writer, poet and playwright French, considered the father of Romanticism in France. He was able to stay out of melancholy and solitary patterns that characterized the poets of the time, being able to accept the vicissitudes of his life is not always happy to experience it and learn from the existential values \u200b\u200band nuances of the soul umano.I his writings came to cover all literary genres, from lyric poetry to drama, from the historical novel setira political and social, inspiring support throughout Europe.
born February 26, 1802 at Besaçon in Franche-Comte, where his father, Leopold-Sigismond Hugo (1773-1828), Earl and Napoleonic military army of Joseph Bonaparte, is garrison, and then follows him, with her mother Sophie Trebuchet (1772-1821) and Abel brothers Hugo (1798-1855) and EugéneHugo (1800-1837), first in Paris, then in Naples and in Spain in Naples the father plays a decisive role in the capture of the bandit Fra Diavolo and for this he was appointed governor of Avellino, Joseph Bonaparte in Spain obtained from the rank of general. The young Victor will always keep the memory of these places bambino.Dal 1813, however, seen by his parents separated and her mother, along with the general Fanneau Victor de la Horie, he settled in Paris. Here Hugo attended the University from 1815 to 1818 at the behest of his father, but he soon abandoned his studies to dedicate himself to the technical literature.
Writes the Odes, which were his first literary composition. With his brothers founded the paper Le conservateur littéraire (1819), and in the same year he won a competition of the Académie des Jeux floraux. Then begins to attend the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, and participates in meetings of the Last Supper by Charles Nodier, the cradle of nascent Romanticism. Odi et then wrote several poems (1822) and many other writings, until Odes and Ballads, which earned him a pension of one thousand francs from the king LuigiXVIII.
On 12 October, 1822 bride, the church of Saint-Sulpice in Paris, Adele Foucher, a childhood friend, born five children: Leopold (16 July to 10 October 1823); Léopoldine (August 28, 1824 - September 4, 1843), Charles (November 4, 1826 - March 13, 1871), François-Victor (October 28, 1828 - December 26, 1873), Adèle (August 24, 1830 - April 21, 1915), the only one to survive to the father but spend many years in a nursing home because of his altered mental status.
The discovery, after a few years, the betrayal of his wife with a family friend Sainte-Beuve would lead him to lead a life of debauchery, his mistress, Juliette Drouet to be about fifty years, an actress known theater during the tests Lucrezia Borgia in 1833. Juliette Drouet's always remained close (and also saved from prison at the time of the coup of Napoleon III), despite the many infidelities lover: for her to write many poems, including a book compiled by the two year anniversary, the anniversary day, in fact, their first meeting. A turning point in the history of literature takes place in 1827, with the release of historical drama Cromwell, regarded as the manifesto of the new romantic theories. In the long preface, Hugo is opposed to the conventions of and presents his theories on theater and literature in general, which will then in practice in the play Hernani, 1830, date marking, conventionally, the beginning of Romanticism in France .
began a very productive period for the writer published a novel, Notre-Dame de Pris, 1831, greeted by a very wide and immediate success, poetry collections, The autumn leaves of the same year The songs of the twilight of 1835, other dramas, such as Ruy Blas in 1838. Meet Hector Berlioz, Chateaubriand, Franz Liszt, Giacomo Meyerbeer, was admitted to the Académie française in 1841, where he held the seat number 14.
In 1843, the daughter die tragically Léopoldine Vacquerie and his son Charles, drowned during a boat trip, Hugo learns the news of his return from a vacation, the newspaper Le Siècle. The tragedy, combined with the failure of his play The Burgraves of 1845, due to the severe depression that keeps him away from the literary world for ten years. Meanwhile
was named Peer of France by King Louis Philippe of Orleans. In 1848 he joined as a member of the Constituent Assembly, but the coup that brought to power in 1851 Napoleon III marks the beginning of his political decline: first Hugo supports the election of the young Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte in the presidential, but then - when the new president, the future emperor, began to take anti-liberal measures such as repeal of the electoral law of 1850, reducing by one third with the right to vote - it dissociates, will be useless to attempt Committee Republican strength, to which it belongs along with Schoelcher to raise the population of Paris: Hugo, a staunch defender of a liberal regime, we have to attack him with writings and speeches against the misery and repression, which has since become increasingly intolerant.
After December 2, 1851, Hugo has to leave for exile. Party initially to Brussels, then moved to the island of Jersey and Guernsey Finally, rejecting the amnesty proclaimed by the emperor.
begins to take shape here the poetic figure and his mythical ideal of "Father of his country in exile, the years spent in Guernsey make him so famous that the letters come addressed to" Victor Hugo - Oceano. " Resumed his literary activities in the name of political satire The punishments in the collection of poems (1853), which targets the Second Empire, the memory of the past and in particular the daughter Léopoldine emerges in the collection The contemplations 1856), and these are also the years of commitment to a higher political level , idealized, giving rise to the legend of the centuries (published in three parts between 1859 and 1877 and 1883), which traces the history of mankind from Genesis to the nineteenth century, as well as Les Miserables, a novel of 1862, the work of Sea 1866 and The Man Who Laughs in 1869.
Life is not spared the pain: in 1855 his brother Abel died in 1863 his daughter Adèle crazy fleeing to Canada in 1868 killed his wife and several grandchildren, all These misfortunes, however, has always near the true Juliette.
Since the sixties and traveling throughout the Luxembourg crossing of the Rhine, but was expelled from Belgium in 1870 for giving asylum to the Communard sought in the French capital, and finds refuge again in Luxembourg for three months, and thereafter Vianden, Diekirch and Mondorf-les-Bains (where he attended a health cure) .
On his return is September 5, 1870, after the fall of Napoleon III and the establishment of the Third French Republic, Hugo was greeted by a cheering and enthusiastic crowd, and his house once again becomes a meeting place for writers and up his death will remain a tutelary deity of the republic restored.
Resumed in recent years the literature with the novel Ninety (1874), also writes poetry, some about his family life, as my children (1874), and other satirical and political, as Pope (1878) and Torquemada (1882 ), a work on the fanaticism of the Inquisition. In 1876 he returned to join the Senate. In 1878
suffers a stroke, while the celebrations for his eightieth birthday - celebrated publicly - are overshadowed by the death of Juliette Drouet. He died May 22, 1885, and his body was exposed for a night under the Arc de Triomphe and watched over by twelve poets, though, in compliance with his wishes, the funeral taking place in corbillard des pauvres. On June 1, after hesitating for the cemetery of Père Lachaise, is brought to the Pantheon just opened. It is estimated that three million people came to pay homage to him on that occasion, while journalists report that the prostitutes worked the city that night for free.
born February 26, 1802 at Besaçon in Franche-Comte, where his father, Leopold-Sigismond Hugo (1773-1828), Earl and Napoleonic military army of Joseph Bonaparte, is garrison, and then follows him, with her mother Sophie Trebuchet (1772-1821) and Abel brothers Hugo (1798-1855) and EugéneHugo (1800-1837), first in Paris, then in Naples and in Spain in Naples the father plays a decisive role in the capture of the bandit Fra Diavolo and for this he was appointed governor of Avellino, Joseph Bonaparte in Spain obtained from the rank of general. The young Victor will always keep the memory of these places bambino.Dal 1813, however, seen by his parents separated and her mother, along with the general Fanneau Victor de la Horie, he settled in Paris. Here Hugo attended the University from 1815 to 1818 at the behest of his father, but he soon abandoned his studies to dedicate himself to the technical literature.
Writes the Odes, which were his first literary composition. With his brothers founded the paper Le conservateur littéraire (1819), and in the same year he won a competition of the Académie des Jeux floraux. Then begins to attend the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, and participates in meetings of the Last Supper by Charles Nodier, the cradle of nascent Romanticism. Odi et then wrote several poems (1822) and many other writings, until Odes and Ballads, which earned him a pension of one thousand francs from the king LuigiXVIII.
On 12 October, 1822 bride, the church of Saint-Sulpice in Paris, Adele Foucher, a childhood friend, born five children: Leopold (16 July to 10 October 1823); Léopoldine (August 28, 1824 - September 4, 1843), Charles (November 4, 1826 - March 13, 1871), François-Victor (October 28, 1828 - December 26, 1873), Adèle (August 24, 1830 - April 21, 1915), the only one to survive to the father but spend many years in a nursing home because of his altered mental status.
The discovery, after a few years, the betrayal of his wife with a family friend Sainte-Beuve would lead him to lead a life of debauchery, his mistress, Juliette Drouet to be about fifty years, an actress known theater during the tests Lucrezia Borgia in 1833. Juliette Drouet's always remained close (and also saved from prison at the time of the coup of Napoleon III), despite the many infidelities lover: for her to write many poems, including a book compiled by the two year anniversary, the anniversary day, in fact, their first meeting. A turning point in the history of literature takes place in 1827, with the release of historical drama Cromwell, regarded as the manifesto of the new romantic theories. In the long preface, Hugo is opposed to the conventions of and presents his theories on theater and literature in general, which will then in practice in the play Hernani, 1830, date marking, conventionally, the beginning of Romanticism in France .
began a very productive period for the writer published a novel, Notre-Dame de Pris, 1831, greeted by a very wide and immediate success, poetry collections, The autumn leaves of the same year The songs of the twilight of 1835, other dramas, such as Ruy Blas in 1838. Meet Hector Berlioz, Chateaubriand, Franz Liszt, Giacomo Meyerbeer, was admitted to the Académie française in 1841, where he held the seat number 14.
In 1843, the daughter die tragically Léopoldine Vacquerie and his son Charles, drowned during a boat trip, Hugo learns the news of his return from a vacation, the newspaper Le Siècle. The tragedy, combined with the failure of his play The Burgraves of 1845, due to the severe depression that keeps him away from the literary world for ten years. Meanwhile
was named Peer of France by King Louis Philippe of Orleans. In 1848 he joined as a member of the Constituent Assembly, but the coup that brought to power in 1851 Napoleon III marks the beginning of his political decline: first Hugo supports the election of the young Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte in the presidential, but then - when the new president, the future emperor, began to take anti-liberal measures such as repeal of the electoral law of 1850, reducing by one third with the right to vote - it dissociates, will be useless to attempt Committee Republican strength, to which it belongs along with Schoelcher to raise the population of Paris: Hugo, a staunch defender of a liberal regime, we have to attack him with writings and speeches against the misery and repression, which has since become increasingly intolerant.
After December 2, 1851, Hugo has to leave for exile. Party initially to Brussels, then moved to the island of Jersey and Guernsey Finally, rejecting the amnesty proclaimed by the emperor.
begins to take shape here the poetic figure and his mythical ideal of "Father of his country in exile, the years spent in Guernsey make him so famous that the letters come addressed to" Victor Hugo - Oceano. " Resumed his literary activities in the name of political satire The punishments in the collection of poems (1853), which targets the Second Empire, the memory of the past and in particular the daughter Léopoldine emerges in the collection The contemplations 1856), and these are also the years of commitment to a higher political level , idealized, giving rise to the legend of the centuries (published in three parts between 1859 and 1877 and 1883), which traces the history of mankind from Genesis to the nineteenth century, as well as Les Miserables, a novel of 1862, the work of Sea 1866 and The Man Who Laughs in 1869.
Life is not spared the pain: in 1855 his brother Abel died in 1863 his daughter Adèle crazy fleeing to Canada in 1868 killed his wife and several grandchildren, all These misfortunes, however, has always near the true Juliette.
Since the sixties and traveling throughout the Luxembourg crossing of the Rhine, but was expelled from Belgium in 1870 for giving asylum to the Communard sought in the French capital, and finds refuge again in Luxembourg for three months, and thereafter Vianden, Diekirch and Mondorf-les-Bains (where he attended a health cure) .
On his return is September 5, 1870, after the fall of Napoleon III and the establishment of the Third French Republic, Hugo was greeted by a cheering and enthusiastic crowd, and his house once again becomes a meeting place for writers and up his death will remain a tutelary deity of the republic restored.
Resumed in recent years the literature with the novel Ninety (1874), also writes poetry, some about his family life, as my children (1874), and other satirical and political, as Pope (1878) and Torquemada (1882 ), a work on the fanaticism of the Inquisition. In 1876 he returned to join the Senate. In 1878
suffers a stroke, while the celebrations for his eightieth birthday - celebrated publicly - are overshadowed by the death of Juliette Drouet. He died May 22, 1885, and his body was exposed for a night under the Arc de Triomphe and watched over by twelve poets, though, in compliance with his wishes, the funeral taking place in corbillard des pauvres. On June 1, after hesitating for the cemetery of Père Lachaise, is brought to the Pantheon just opened. It is estimated that three million people came to pay homage to him on that occasion, while journalists report that the prostitutes worked the city that night for free.
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